Verbs are action words. Yep, you remember that from grade school, but then there was all that other stuff about conjugating verbs for tenses, moods, and forms…and, well…you don’t remember all that so well.
Ok, so I forgot…what the h-e-double-hockey-sticks is a verb?
A verb is a word the describes an action or activity. Run, read, enrage, regret, fornicate, understand, conceptualize, etc. are all examples of verbs because they talk about an action. We typically think of actions as moving things, but words that refer to an occurrence such as become or happen are verbs also. As are words that refer to a state of existence such as be or stay.
Verbs change form depending on WHO (person) or WHAT (place/thing) is doing the action described, WHEN they are doing that action, and WHY. The process of changing the verb to fit these parameters is called conjugation. No, it’s not a dirty word. (Sorry.) Note that the unconjugated form of any verb is called the infinitive form, and, in English, that means it has the word to in front of it.
So the infinitives of the verbs I mentioned above would be: to run, to read, to enrage, to regret, to fornicate, to understand, and to conceptualize.
We will talk more about the infinitive in a bit, but understand that when a verb has no subject attached to it, it should appear as an infinitive with the word to in front of it. You can sort of think of it as a default form.
We will now go over how the variables for who/what, when, and why affect the conjugation of verbs.
Who/What = SUBJECT
When we talk about who is doing a verb, we are referring to the subject. The subject is the who (person) or what (place/thing) that is performing the action that the verb describes. As you might have guessed, the subject is almost always a noun—common or proper—like Tamara, the government, a dog, Shakespeare—or a pronounlike I, we, they, she, he, you, it.
Knowing what the subject is helps us determine how to form the verb. A few things we need to know about the subject are
- Point of view (first, second, or third person)
- Number (plural versus singular)
Let’s take the verb to sing for example.
If the subject is first person singular or first person plural, the verb would be conjugated as sing.
- I sing the national anthem.
- We sing the national anthem.
If the subject is third person plural, the verb would be conjugated as sing also.
- They sing the national anthem.
If the subject is third person singular, the verb would be conjugated as sings.
- Sara sings the national anthem.
If the subject is second person, the verb would be conjugated as sing. (Note that in English, we do not distinguish between singular second person and plural second person. The pronoun you refers to one or multiple people. Colloquially, there is the you all or y'all subject, but it still takes the same verb conjugation.)
- You sing the national anthem.
English verb conjugations, in this way, are pretty easy to remember. Only the third person singular is different. Of course, not all verbs are conjugated the same way. There are MANY irregular verbs, and because this is just an article, I won’t go there, but consider one of the most irregular verbs in the English language: to be.
The conjugated forms of this verbs look nothing like the infinitive at all.
- I am
- you are
- he/she/it is
- we are
- they are
The most important thing to remember about verb conjugation and subjects is that they need to always agree or match. It’s called subject-verb agreement. If something is not in agreement, that means that the verb is incorrectly conjugated for the subject. For example:
Matt and Tim is hungry.
The subject is third person plural (Matt and Tim), so the verb needs to be conjugated accordingly as are.
When = TENSE
The word tense with respect to grammar refers to time. Verb tense refers to how the verb is modified depending on when the action is being performed. There are three basic verb tenses: Past, present, and future.
Present tense
Present tense refers to the current moment and means that the action the verb describes is happening right now.
Dave runs away from the zombies.
Present tense verbs can also be used for actions that happen habitually. For example:
Mitch and Sally ride their bikes to work every day.
Past tense
Past tense explains actions that have, you guessed it, already occurred.
Dave ran from the zombies.
Future tense
Not hard to figure this out—future tense talks about actions that have yet to happen. In English, the verb form stays in the default form (minus the to) and you add the helping verb will.
Mitch and Sally will ride their bikes to work.
Verb Forms
So the concept of verb tense seems pretty straightforward, but there are additional verb forms that indicate a more specific time stamp than just present, past, and future. In addition to the three tenses, there are four additional verb forms: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive. Each one of these verb forms can be conjugated for past, present, and future tenses.
Simple
The simple verb form indicates that a verb is conjugated for either present, past, and future tenses. It is just that simple. (Ha!)
The verb to run is conjugated below in the simple form:
- simple present = Dave runs from the zombies.
- simple past = Dave ran from the zombies.
- simple future = Dave will run from the zombies.
Progressive
A progressive verb describes an action that is happening at the current moment, i.e. in progress. A verb can be in progress in the present, past, or future. The verb is formed by conjugating the verb to be in the simple form for the appropriate tense of past, present, or future followed by the specific verb you are conjugating with an –ing ending.
Present progressive
Dave is running from the zombies.
The verb is is the simple form of the verb to be conjugated for first person singular subject (Dave) followed by the operative verb to run formed as a progressive with the –ing ending.
Past progressive
Dave was running from the zombies.
Future progressive
Dave will be running from the zombies.
Perfect
In my opinion, the definition of a perfect verb is hard to discern based on the name. This tense is formed by conjugating the simple form of the verb to have for the appropriate tense of present, past, or future followed by the specific verb you are conjugating formed into a past participle. The past participle form of a verb typically ends with –ed/d or –en/n. Actually, the rule regarding forming past particles is pretty much this: There is no rule, you just have to look it up and memorize it. That said, you probably already know most of them instinctively. In case you need a refresher though, here’s a good list. Just like the progressive, the perfect verb can be conjugated in the present, past, and future tense.
Present perfect
Verbs formed in the present perfect indicate an action that began in the past but still continues into the present moment, happened at an indefinite time, or was only just completed: For example:
Mitch has called Sally to let her know he’s driving to work today.
This sentence can work several ways:
- Mitch has just dialed and is still on the phone with Sally.
- Mitch called Sally and just hung up the phone seconds ago.
- Mitch called Sally and has hung up sometime recently, but we aren’t exactly sure when.
Past perfect
In this version, the action is not in the present moment. In fact, it represents a time before another past action. Consider the sentence like this:
Mitch had called Sally before he left the house.
Using the past perfect in this way highlights the fact that the call preceded Mitch’s departure.
Future perfect
Using future perfect sets up a time in which an action will have already occurred (but has NOT occurred at the moment of speaking/writing about it).
Mitch will have called Sally by the time he leaves the house.
The use of the future perfect highlights the fact that at the moment he leaves, Mitch will have complete the call to Sally. Note that the verb to leave is conjugated in present tense even though it has not yet occurred and is not at the moment occurring. The future perfect tense construction tells the reader that neither action has yet occurred.
Perfect Progressive
And if all that wasn’t confusing enough, there is yet the perfect progressive verb form to consider. This verb tense is formed by conjugating the simple form of the verb to have for the appropriate tense of present, past, or future followed by the past participle form of the verb to be (been) followed by the verb you are conjugating with an –ing ending.
Present perfect progressive
This form indicates an action that has started in the past, continues in the present, and will probably go on in the future or is just about to conclude, though we are not sure when. Consider this sentence:
Dave has been running from zombies all day.
Using this tense indicates that Dave started running from zombies at some point today and is still running from them. We aren’t exactly sure when Dave will get a break from running from zombies, as this sentence doesn’t clearly indicate that the action has ended.
Past perfect progressive
Dave had been running from zombies all day.
The use of this form indicates that the running was quite an ordeal and went on for some indefinite amount of time versus a one time event which would be best expressed with a simple past tense or past perfect verb construction like:
Dave ran or Dave had run
Even though the running went on for a while, the use of the past perfect (had been) indicates that the running has now stopped—luckily for Dave. This sentence really doesn’t stand alone very well. It would help greatly if it was put into a clearer context by adding another sentence or clause.
By the time the group caught up with him, Dave had been running from zombies all day.
By adding the dependent opening clause with past tense verb, we are clearly showing the order of actions for Dave that day: He ran from zombies for an undetermined amount of time. He then stopped running either just before or right at the moment he met up with the group.
Future perfect progressive
Lastly, we have the future perfect progressive which is used to indicate actions that have not yet happened, but when they do, they will have been going on for a while. Again, adding a sentence or clause with clear contextual clues makes this tense more potent.
By the time the group catches up with him, Dave will have been running from zombies all day.
The running and the catching up have not yet occurred. This sentence is something of a prediction of events that still starts with Dave running from zombies for a while and ends with the group catching up with him at some point.
It certainly seems more complicated than it is. Again, native speakers do this without thinking, but it’s good to remember the layering of time that you can achieve using these verb tenses and verb forms.
Why = MOOD
Yep, verbs have moods. In my experience, the subject of verb moods gets glossed over (or skipped entirely) in basic English grammar education for native speakers. The concept can be kind of confusing, so I can see why teachers avoid it. While you may not remember what verb moods are, I think you will probably recognize them when you see them. It’s likely you know them instinctively, you just never knew they had names.
There are four verb moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and infinitive. With the exception of the infinitive, all these moods must also be conjugated for subject and tense.
Indicative
This is the most common form; you will use this most of the time without even realizing it. The indicative mood means that the verb is expressing an assertion, a denial, or a question. Nearly all the verbs forms and tenses we just went over are expressed as indicatives. Indicative formed verbs are conjugated normally for subject and tense.
Assertion or Statement
Mitch loves to ride his bike.
Denial or negative statement
Dave does not like to run from zombies.
Question
Can Dave borrow Mitch’s bike the next time he has to run from zombies?
Imperative
This form is used less often, but it is the most fun. This is the form of the verb that tells people what to do. The imperative mood expresses command, advice, or prohibition. A sentence that uses an imperative verb often ends with an exclamation mark and is assumed to be directed at someone or several people. In English, the imperative form stays consistent no matter who you are talking to because the subject for an imperative verb is always you. That means that an imperative verb is always in the second person form. It is always directed at either a singular you or plural you. The difference between indicative and a verb in the imperative mood with a second person subject is that because it’s always second person, you will almost never put in the actual word you in the sentence—it is implied.
Prohibition
Don’t stop running, Dave!
If it’s really, really obvious who the speaker is talking to, you can omit the name.
Don’t stop running!
Command or Advice
Call Sally before you leave, Mitch.
Again, if it’s obvious Mitch is the person the action of the verb is referring to, no need to add the name.
Subjunctive
The way the subjunctive is used in English is to add helping verbs that indicate doubt. May, were, and would/should are used to modify verbs to indicate the subjunctive mood. Subjunctive phrases often start with the word if and use the future tense (I will/ you will do something) to indicate that the action of the verb has not happened yet, and may not happen
Native English speakers are not accustomed to use of the subjunctive mood. While common in other languages, it’s been suppressed to the point of near extinction in modern English because most people don’t use it consistently. Some might argue that it is a cultural thing. In Spanish the subjunctive mood is used a lot, and I had a native Spanish speaking friend once explain to me that Spanish is a more emotional language. I’m not sure if that is true or not, but I do know that subjunctive verb formations in English are rare indeed.
Doubt
If these zombies should ever stop chasing Dave, he might be able to catch his breath.
It’s not uncommon to hear this sentiment expressed without the subjunctive helping verb should. The following sentence probably sounds perfectly ok to you:
If these zombies ever stop chasing Dave, he might be able to catch his breath.
This is technically incorrect, but it is acceptable because the meaning is not obscured by the use of an indicative verb instead of a subjunctive verb.
Contrary to fact
If I were Dave, I’d find a car so that I could get away faster.
This subjunctive verb construction, however, is still valid. When talking about things that are not actually true, for instance: the speaker IS NOT Dave, and therefore can only speculate on what Dave should do. The statement is hypothetical. The If I were/I would pairing is fairly common in the English language, but many English speakers make the mistake of saying If I was Dave… This is still considered poor grammar, so be warned.
Infinitive
We already talked a bit about the infinitive form, but you should know that it is considered a verb mood. It is very important to understand it and to get it right. The infinitive mood is used whenever a verb is not conjugated for any tense, mood or subject, and when it is being used alongside a helping verb (like has or will). The infinitive form of the verb always has the word to in front of it to indicate that is not being conjugated. Infinitive verbs usually appear right after a conjugated verb.
Mitch loves to ride his bike.
The operative verb in this sentence is loves and it is conjugated for the subject Mitch, but the thing that Mitch loves is to perform the action of biking. In this way, the infinitive verb acts like a noun. The phrase to ride his bike becomes a noun phrase and could be replaced with any other noun without altering the rest of the sentence.
- Mitch loves Pepsi.
- Mitch loves his dog.
- Mitch loves Sally.
Splitting an infinitive
You may have had a teacher or professor advise you against “splitting the infinitive.” To split an infinitive is to separate the verb from the word to. It really is that simple. It is likely you are guilty of doing this…I know I am.
Dave hopes to finally outrun the zombies.
The conjugated verb is hopes and the infinitive in to outrun. However, the infinitive is split by the adverb finally.
I am guessing this sentence sounds pretty normal to you. You are not alone. There are many grammarians who think worrying about split infinitives is antiquated. According to Grammar Girl, the rule against splitting the infinitive comes from paying homage to Latin as a base for the English language. Latin and Latin-based languages like Spanish form their infinitives by adding extra letters to the end of the verb instead of adding the word to. For example, the verb correr in Spanish means to run. The –er ending indicates that it is in the infinitive form. If you ask most modern grammarians, you’ll probably find that they think that’s a lot of bunk now. If you are worried, however, you can avoid splitting the infinitive by just putting the adverb somewhere else.
Dave hopes to outrun the zombies finally.
Though, to me, that sounds a bit off. I like the other version better.
Any questions?
No? Oh good. I’m glad that subjects, tenses, forms, and moods are all perfectly clear to you now. My job is done. Oh wait….you do have a question? Well, okay, go ahead and ask it…I guess.
About the author
Taylor Houston is a genuine Word Nerd living in Portland, OR where she works as a technical writer for an engineering firm and volunteers on the planning committee for Wordstock, a local organization dedicated to writing education.
She holds a degree in Creative Writing and Spanish from Hamilton College in Clinton, NY. In the English graduate program at Penn State, she taught college composition courses and hosted a poetry club for a group of high school writers.
While living in Seattle, Taylor started and taught a free writing class called Writer’s Cramp (see the website). She has also taught middle school Language Arts & Spanish, tutored college students, and mentored at several Seattle writing establishments such as Richard Hugo House. She’s presented on panels at Associated Writing Programs Conference and the Pennsylvania College English Conference and led writing groups in New York, Pennsylvania, and Colorado for writers of all ages & abilities. She loves to read, write, teach & debate the Oxford Comma with anyone who will stand still long enough.
